Везде
GENDER REPRESENTATIONS IN U.S. FILMS
Table of contents
Annotation Estimate Publication content
References Comments
Share
QR
Metrics
GENDER REPRESENTATIONS IN U.S. FILMS
Annotation
PII
S268667300000616-7-1
Publication type
Article
Status
Published
Authors
Vladimir Khalilov 
ORCID: 0000-0003-1665-1206
Edition
Issue 6 (558)
Pages
67-87
Abstract
The paper discusses representations of gender (specifically men, women - and trans) on the big and small screen and behind the camera in the USA. On the basis of the most recent studies on the subject, news articles, data publicly available and verifiable, by means of historical research, textual analysis and through personal observations, author of the paper draws his own conclusions. Specifically, examining “behind-the-scenes” representation of women and admitting the presence of gender inequality, he’s more cautious regarding the existence of the willful and malicious discrimination in Hollywood, assessing the validity of other possible explanations, such as «Groupthink», tough competition, “public demand”, shortage of qualified, skilled and experienced female workers, or, in every individual case, the infamous “creative differences”, due in large part to out-dated bias, stereotypes and representations. Conversely, analyzing on-screen gender representations, author refrains from excessive dramatization and doesn’t concentrate solely on the negative aspects (objectification, sexualization, disparity etc), noting certain positive moments, changes and shifts. The topics include 'grrrl power', liberal and radical feminism, postfeminist sensibility, male identity crisis, misandry, diversity, intersectionality, transgenderism, gender trouble. Resume: another round of the epic battle of sexes - women seeking equality, men clinging to their privileges - has finally reached Hollywood. In what looks like the decisive battle, women of the industry, actively encouraged and supported by mass media, attempt to crash the “glass gates” of this “bastion of maledom”. Women’s struggle is further compounded by progressing cultural (including gender) diversity and inclusion, social fragmentation, segmentation and identification. Nevertheless, women are determined to prove and to put an end, through a class-action lawsuit if necessary, to gender-based discrimination. It is still too early to predict the outcome of this historical fight (harder still how exactly it’s going to affect increasingly homogenized, globalized Hollywood and its product), but it certainly makes for a compelling watch.
Keywords
gender studies, film studies, film, 'grrrl power', liberal and radical feminism, post-feminist sensibility, male identity crisis, misandry, diversity, intersectionality, transgenderism, gender trouble
Date of publication
09.06.2016
Number of purchasers
1
Views
915
Readers community rating
0.0 (0 votes)
Cite   Download pdf

References



Additional sources and materials


 
 1. Senenko S. Makulinnost' i femininnost': ot binarnoj oppozitsii k tselostnoj chelovechnosti // Zerkalo nedeli. Ukraina, 4.11.2005 Available at: http://gazeta.zn.ua/SOCIETY/maskulinnost_i_femininnost_ot_binarnoy_oppozitsii_k_tselostnoy_chelovechnosti.html (accessed: 22.09.2015). 
 2. The ACLU Wants the U.S. Government to Combat Sexism in Hollywood // Time, 12.05.2015. 
 3. Alexander L. No More Excuses: Hollywood Needs to Hire More Female Directors / Indiewire, 15.01.2014. Available at: http://www.indiewire.com/article/no-more-excuses-hollywood-needs-to-hire-more-female-directors (accessed:03.10.2015). 
 4. America’s Families and Living Arrangements. Tables C-2, C-3. Available at: http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/.html (accessed: 07.10.2015). 
 5. Bourke J. Rape: Sex, Violence, and History. Great Britain: Virago Press, 2007. 
 6. Brody R. How Critics Have Failed Female Filmmakers // The New Yorker, 29.01.2015. 
 7. Butler J. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. Routledge, 1990. 
 8. Carroll R. Suffragette’s Publicity Campaign and the Politics of Erasure. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/oct/05/suffragette-film-publicity-campaign-erasure-feminism (accessed: 7.10.2015). 
 9. Carter C., Steiner L. Critical Readings: Media and Gender (Issues in Cultural and Media Studies). Open University Press, 2003. 
 10. Chesler F. An American Bride in Kabul. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2013, 256 p. 
 11. Clover Carol J. Men, Women, and Chain Saws: Gender in the Modern Horror Film. Princeton University Press, 1992. 
 12. Collin R. Bechdel Test Is Damaging to the Way We Think about Film // The Telegraph, 15.11.2013. 
 13. Combe K., Boyle B. Masculinity and Monstrosity in Contemporary Hollywood Films. Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. 
 14. Daly Rh. Why 'The Diary of a Teenage Girl' Is The Most Important Feminist Film of 2015. Available at: http://www.nme.com/features/why-the-diary-of-a-teenage-girl-is-the-most-important-feminist-film-of-2015. (accessed: 28.09.2015). 
 15. Davis G. Two Easy Steps to Make Hollywood Less Sexist // The Hollywood Reporter, 11.12.2013. 
 16. Davis G. Why 'The Diary of a Teenage Girl' Is The Most Important Feminist Film of 2015. Available at: http://www.nme.com/features/why-the-diary-of-a-teenage-girl-is-the-most-important-feminist-film-of-2015 (accessed: 28.09.2015). 
 17. Dargis M. It's Hollywood It's a Men's Men's Men's World // The New York Times, 24.12. 2015. 
 18. Dargis M. Lights, Camera, Taking Action On Many Fronts, Women Are Fighting for Better Opportunity in Hollywood // The New York Times, 21.01 2015. 
 19. Dawson M. C. Behind the Mule: Race and Class in African-American Politics, 1995. 
 20. Dockterman E. Vagina Monologues Writer Eve Ensler: How Mad Max: Fury Road Became a ‘Feminist Action Film' // Time, 7.05.2015. 
 21. Gauntlett D. Media, Gender and Identity: An Introduction. Routledge, 2002. Available at: http://www.theoryhead.com/gender/extract.htm (accessed: 07.10.2015). 
 22. Gay R. (2012). Bad Feminist// Virginia Quarterly Review, 88(4), p. 88-95. 
 23. Giese M. Battle for Female Director Voices in U.S. Media. Speech to Hollywood Business and Professional Women, 12.09.2015. Available at: http://www.womendirectorsinhollywood.com/the-battle-for-female-director-voices-in-u-s-media, (accessed: 02.10.2015). 
 24. Gill R. Postfeminist Media Culture: elements of a sensibility// European Journal of Cultural Studies, 10 (2), p. 147-166. 
 25. Gonzalez, Ed. Bound to Vengeance review // Slant Magazine, 15.06.2015. Available at: http://www.slantmagazine.com/film/review/bound-to-vengeance (accessed: 24.09.2015). 
 26. The Hollywood gender discrimination investigation is on: EEOC contacts women directors, 2.10.2015. Available at: http://touch.latimes.com/#section/-1/article/p2p-84583382/ (accessed: 18.09.2015). 
 27. Hollywood Demographics. MPAA U.S./Canada Theatrical Market Statistics, Attendance Demographics for 2011, March 2012. Available at: http://www.movieguide.org/news-articles/hollywood-demographics-2.html, (accessed: 07.10.2015). 
 28. Is Feminism Dead? // Yahoo! Chat & Time. 25.06.1998. 
 29. Lauzen M. M. Boxed In: Portrayals of. Female Characters and. Employment of Behind-the-Scenes Women in 2014-15 / Prime-time Television. Center for the Study of Women in Television and Film, San Diego State University, San Diego. 2015. Available at: http://womenintvfilm.sdsu.edu/files/2014-2015.Boxed_In_Report.pdf, (accessed: 01.10.2015). 
 30. Lauzen M.M. It's a Man's (Celluloid) World: On-Screen Representations of Female Characters in the Top 100 Films of 2014 / Center for the Study of Women in Television and Film, San Diego State University, San Diego 2015. Available at: http://womenintvfilm.sdsu.edu/files/2013_It's_a_Man's_World_Report.pdf. (accessed: 24.09.2015). 
 31. Macdonald M. Representing Women/ Myths of Feminity in the Popular Media. London. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995, 250 p. 
 32. Mulligan Carey: "We have a sexist film industry". Reader’s Digest. October, 2015. Available at: http://www.readersdigest.co.uk/entertainment/celebrities/carey-mulligan-we-have-sexist-film-industry (accessed:18.09.2015). 
 33. Nelson J. Mining's untapped resource: Goldcorp seeks more women for work force. Available at: http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/industry-news/energy-and-resources/minings-untapped-resource-goldcorp-wants-more-women-in-its-work-force/article23352076/ (accessed: 25.10.2015). 
 34. Paglia C. Sexual Personae: Art and Decadence from Nefertiti to Emily Dickson / Newark: Yale University Press, 1990. 
 35. Press A.L. (2011) Feminism and Media in the Post-Feminist Era // Feminist Media Studies, 11(1), p. 107-113. 
 36. Smith S.L., Choueiti M., Pieper K. Gender Inequality in Popular Films: Examining on Screen Portrayals and Behind-the-Scenes Employment Patterns in Motion Pictures Released between 2007-2013 / Media, Diversity, and Social Change Initiative. 2014. Available at: http://annenberg.usc.edu/pages/~/media/MDSCI/Gender Inequality in Film 2007-2013 Final for Publication.ashx (accessed: 01.10.2015). 
 37. Smith S.L., Choueiti M, Pieper K. Gender Inequality in 700 Popular Films: Examining Portrayals of Character Gender, Race, & LGBT Status from 2007 to 2014. Media, Diversity, and Social Change Initiative. 2015. Available at: http://annenberg.usc.edu/pages/~/media/MDSCI/Inequality%20in%20700%20Popular%20Films%208215%20Final%20for%20Posting.ashx (accessed: 01.10.2015). 
 38. Sony Emails Reveal Jennifer Lawrence Paid less than Male Co-stars // The Guardian, 13.12.2014. 
 39. Setoodeh R. How Women in Hollywood Are Finally Taking a Stand Against Sexism. Variety, 06.10.2015. Available at: http:// href='contents.asp?titleid=7076' title='Variety'>Variety.com/2015/film/news/hollywood-feminism-womens-rights-sexism-1201610580/ (accessed: 02.10.2015). 
 40. Stewart S. Gender and Identity in the Wachowskis' "Sense8" on Netflix. 06.04.2015. Available at: http://blogs.indiewire.com/womenandhollywood/gender-and-identity-in-the-wachowskis-sense8-on-netflix-20150604 (accessed: 29.09.2015). 
 41. Taylor K. Is Hollywood finally sick of sexism?// The Globe and Mail, 15.05.2015. 
 42. Thompson A. Three Reasons to Worry About 'Gone Girl' // Indiewire, 27.09.2014. Available at: http://blogs.indiewire.com/thompsononhollywood/three-things-to-worry-about-gone-girl-20140927 (accessed: 28.09.2015). 
 43. Voluble radical gives old and new Puritans a tongue-lashing. Camille Paglia talks to Matthew Reisz // Times - Higher Education, 30.08.2012. Available at: https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/voluble-radical-gives-old-and-new-puritans-a-tongue-lashing/ (accessed: 02.10.2015). 
 44. The World's Highest-Paid Actresses 2015: Jennifer Lawrence Leads with $52-million, 20.08.2015. Available at: http://www.forbes.com/sites/natalierobehmed/2015/08/20/the-worlds-highest-paid-actresses-2015-jennifer-lawrence-leads-with-52-million/ (accessed: 18.09.2015).

Comments

No posts found

Write a review
Translate